Journal Description
C — Journal of Carbon Research
C
— Journal of Carbon Research is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on carbon research, published quarterly online by MDPI. The Spanish Carbon Group (GEC) is affiliated with C — Journal of Carbon Research and its members receive discounts on article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 23.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.1 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
4.5 (2022)
Latest Articles
Supercapacitor Performance of MXene-Coated Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes
C 2024, 10(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020032 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
MXenes consisting of thin layers of transition metal carbides or nitrides are good candidates for electrode materials due to their excellent electrical conductivity and fast ion transfer. Electrospun carbon nanofibers are highly porous and electrically conductive, making them attractive for electrode materials. In
[...] Read more.
MXenes consisting of thin layers of transition metal carbides or nitrides are good candidates for electrode materials due to their excellent electrical conductivity and fast ion transfer. Electrospun carbon nanofibers are highly porous and electrically conductive, making them attractive for electrode materials. In this study, free-standing electrodes were prepared by the dip-coating of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in the MXene (Ti3C2) colloidal solution, which was synthesized via the wet-etching of MAX (Ti3AlC2) phase, and their chemical structures were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphological and crystallographic features of MXene-coated CNFs. Surface area and pore volumes were investigated by nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. Supercapacitor performance was studied by assembling a 3-electrode system with 1M aqueous sodium sulfate solution as an electrolyte. MXene-coated CNFs exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 514 F/g at 0.5 A/g, with energy and power densities of 71.4 Wh/kg at 0.5 A/g and 2.3 kW/kg at 5 A/g, respectively, which are relevantly higher compared to the pristine CNFs due to the pseudocapacitive behavior of MXenes. They also showed comparable cyclic stability during 5000 cycles with the CNFs. This result indicates that MXene-coated carbon nanofibers can be effective electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Carbons for Hydrogen Sorption and Electrochemical Energy Storage)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Plasma-Treated Cobalt-Doped Nanoporous Graphene for Advanced Electrochemical Applications
by
Florian Knabl, Nikolaos Kostoglou, Ram K. Gupta, Afshin Tarat, Steven Hinder, Mark Baker, Claus Rebholz and Christian Mitterer
C 2024, 10(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020031 - 26 Mar 2024
Abstract
Metal–carbon nanocomposites are identified as key contenders for enhancing water splitting through the oxygen evolution reaction and boosting supercapacitor energy storage capacitances. This study utilizes plasma treatment to transform natural graphite into nanoporous few-layer graphene, followed by additional milling and plasma steps to
[...] Read more.
Metal–carbon nanocomposites are identified as key contenders for enhancing water splitting through the oxygen evolution reaction and boosting supercapacitor energy storage capacitances. This study utilizes plasma treatment to transform natural graphite into nanoporous few-layer graphene, followed by additional milling and plasma steps to synthesize a cobalt–graphene nanocomposite. Comprehensive structural characterization was conducted using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, gas sorption analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical evaluations further assessed the materials’ oxygen evolution reaction and supercapacitor performance. Although the specific surface area of the nanoporous carbon decreases from 780 to 480 m2/g in the transition to the resulting nanocomposite, it maintains its nanoporous structure and delivers a competitive electrochemical performance, as evidenced by an overpotential of 290 mV and a Tafel slope of 110 mV/dec. This demonstrates the efficacy of plasma treatment in the surface functionalization of carbon-based materials, highlighting its potential for large-scale chemical-free application due to its environmental friendliness and scalability, paving the way toward future applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoporous Carbons for Hydrogen Sorption and Electrochemical Energy Storage)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Refining and Validating Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) for Robust Characterization and Quality Assurance of Graphene-Related Two-Dimensional Materials (GR2Ms)
by
Dusan Losic, Farzaneh Farivar and Pei Lay Yap
C 2024, 10(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020030 - 26 Mar 2024
Abstract
Graphene-related two-dimensional materials available on the global market are manufactured using various production methods, with significant variations in properties and qualities causing serious concerns for the emerging multi-billion graphene industry. To address the limitations of conventional characterization methods probing the properties of individual
[...] Read more.
Graphene-related two-dimensional materials available on the global market are manufactured using various production methods, with significant variations in properties and qualities causing serious concerns for the emerging multi-billion graphene industry. To address the limitations of conventional characterization methods probing the properties of individual graphene particles which may overlook the presence of non-graphene carbon impurities at a large (bulk) scale, this paper presents the refining thermogravimetric analysis as a complementary method for the reliable chemical characterization and quality control of graphene powders. A systematic parametric investigation of key experimental conditions such as sample mass and loading, heating rate, and gas environment and flow rate is performed to identify optimized settings for reliable thermal gravimetric measurements. These optimized conditions are evaluated through a series of comparative characterizations using industrially produced graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide powders, including their common carbon impurities. The ability of this method to provide both qualitative and quantitative analyses for characterizing graphene-related materials is confirmed. The optimized method is finally validated through an International Laboratory Comparison study and subsequently incorporated into a new standard. This low-cost, industry-affordable, and complementary characterization method is expected to enhance the quality control of manufactured graphene materials and make a valuable contribution to the growing graphene industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Fused Deposition Modelling of Thermoplastic Polymer Nanocomposites: A Critical Review
by
Taha Sheikh and Kamran Behdinan
C 2024, 10(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020029 - 25 Mar 2024
Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) has attracted researchers’ interest in myriads of applications. The enhancement of its part using fillers to print nanocomposites is a cutting-edge domain of research. Industrial acceptance is still a challenge, and researchers are investigating different nanofillers and polymer matrix
[...] Read more.
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) has attracted researchers’ interest in myriads of applications. The enhancement of its part using fillers to print nanocomposites is a cutting-edge domain of research. Industrial acceptance is still a challenge, and researchers are investigating different nanofillers and polymer matrix combinations to investigate FDM-printed nanocomposites. Carbon nanotubes, graphene, and cellulose are heavily studied nanofillers because of their astonishing properties, biocompatibility, and ability to tailor the final performance of the FDM-printed nanocomposite part. This work presents a comprehensive review of polymer nanocomposites based on these nanofillers. Important examples, case studies, and results are discussed and compared to elaborate the understanding of the processing of nanocomposites, filaments, printing, and the characterisation of these nanocomposites. A detailed and exhaustive discussion of the prospective computational models, with challenges and a future road map, is provided, enabling the scientific community to understand these nanocomposites and their FDM processing for wider industrial applications and acceptance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Processing, Characterization and Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Laser-Induced Copper/Carbon Nanocomposite from Anodically Electrodeposited Chitosan for H2O2 Sensing
by
Usama Zafar, Prince Kumar Rai, Ankur Gupta, Jan G. Korvink, Vlad Badilita and Monsur Islam
C 2024, 10(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020028 - 24 Mar 2024
Abstract
This work presents anodically electrodeposited copper (Cu)/chitosan gel as a novel precursor for synthesizing a Cu/carbon nanocomposite through laser-induced carbonization. Metal/carbon nanocomposites offering advantageous properties compared to their individual counterparts stand out in various applications, particularly in those involving electrochemical phenomena. However, their
[...] Read more.
This work presents anodically electrodeposited copper (Cu)/chitosan gel as a novel precursor for synthesizing a Cu/carbon nanocomposite through laser-induced carbonization. Metal/carbon nanocomposites offering advantageous properties compared to their individual counterparts stand out in various applications, particularly in those involving electrochemical phenomena. However, their synthesis often suffers from complicated and time-consuming synthesis procedures. Here, we integrate anodic electrodeposition and laser-induced carbonization to yield a rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedure for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposite. A precursor composite involving Cu-coordinated chitosan film is achieved through anodic electrodeposition on a copper anode. Irradiation by an infrared laser with optimized parameters results in the thermochemical decomposition of the Cu/chitosan composite, rapidly forming a nanocomposite material featuring highly graphitized and porous carbon materials. Elemental mapping confirms the formation of the nanocomposite, although no crystalline phases of copper are observed during X-ray diffraction. This can be attributed to the rapid nature of the laser-carbonization process. The nanocomposite material is further demonstrated for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), exhibiting a sensitivity of 2.65 mM−1 for concentrations ranging from 0.01 mM to 0.1 mM H2O2, and 0.01 ± 0.01 mM−1 for concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mM H2O2. These sensitivities are comparable to other non-enzymatic H2O2 biosensors. The finding of this work signifies a rapid and facile method for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposites with strong implications for the field of biosensors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
A Coordination Polymer Based on Nickel(II)–Cyamelurate: A Robust Catalyst with Highly Dispersed Nickel Sites for Nitrophenol Reduction under Ambient Conditions
by
Taís dos Santos da Cruz, Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista, Eduarda Ferreira de Oliveira, Wanessa Lima de Oliveira, Dilton Martins Pimentel, Gabriel Ali Atta Diab, Ivo Freitas Teixeira, Marcio César Pereira and João Paulo de Mesquita
C 2024, 10(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010027 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
Cyamelurate anions obtained from the hydrolysis of polymeric graphitic carbon nitride were used for the preparation of a water-stable and crystalline coordination polymer based on nickel(II)–cyamelurate. The polymer was prepared and applied as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in
[...] Read more.
Cyamelurate anions obtained from the hydrolysis of polymeric graphitic carbon nitride were used for the preparation of a water-stable and crystalline coordination polymer based on nickel(II)–cyamelurate. The polymer was prepared and applied as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of borohydride under ambient conditions. The catalyst was prepared by a simple and environmentally friendly method in an aqueous medium, and it was completely characterized by a variety of techniques, including FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, TGA, TEM, and STEM. The obtained catalyst was able to catalyze the reaction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with a good kinetic constant. In addition, the catalyst proved to be significantly robust, maintaining a conversion rate greater than 80% after five minutes of reaction for eight consecutive catalytic cycles. In addition, the catalytic activity of the coordination polymer was much higher than that observed for a homogeneous catalyst based on aqueous Ni2+ ions, suggesting the importance of the structure of the coordination sphere formed by the cyamelurate anions. The results presented here can contribute to the application of other coordination polymers anchored with cyamelurate-like ligands and derivatives, as well as to new catalyst designs based on this coordination site formed by oxygen and nitrogen donor atoms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Processing, Characterization and Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Date Palm Leaflet-Derived Carbon Microspheres Activated Using Phosphoric Acid for Efficient Lead (II) Adsorption
by
Saeed Alhawtali, Mohanad El-Harbawi, Lahssen El Blidi, Maher M. Alrashed, Abdulrahman Alzobidi and Chun-Yang Yin
C 2024, 10(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010026 - 12 Mar 2024
Abstract
The removal of lead metals from wastewater was carried out with carbon microspheres (CMs) prepared from date palm leaflets using a hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC). The prepared CMs were subsequently activated with phosphoric acid using the incipient wetness impregnation method. The prepared sample
[...] Read more.
The removal of lead metals from wastewater was carried out with carbon microspheres (CMs) prepared from date palm leaflets using a hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC). The prepared CMs were subsequently activated with phosphoric acid using the incipient wetness impregnation method. The prepared sample had a low Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area of 2.21 m2·g−1, which increased substantially to 808 m2·g−1 after the activation process. Various characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, BET analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and elemental analysis (CHNS), were used to evaluate the morphological structure and physico-chemical properties of the CMs before and after activation. The increase in surface area is an indicator of the activation process, which enhances the absorption properties of the material. The results demonstrated that the activated CMs had a notable adsorption capacity, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 136 mg·g−1 for lead (II) ions. This finding suggests that the activated CMs are highly effective in removing lead pollutants from water. This research underscores the promise of utilizing activated carbon materials extracted from palm leaflets as an eco-friendly method with high potential for water purification, specifically in eliminating heavy metal pollutants, particularly lead (II), contributing to sustainability through biomass reuse.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Carbon Materials and Their Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Let Us Get Regional: Exploring Prospects for Biomass-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal on the Ground
by
Danny Otto and Nils Matzner
C 2024, 10(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010025 - 08 Mar 2024
Abstract
In recent years, research on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) has significantly increased. Numerous studies have analyzed demonstration projects, outlined scenarios, modeled pathways, or focused on CDR’s national or international governance. However, regional case studies investigating the dynamics that may facilitate or impede the
[...] Read more.
In recent years, research on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) has significantly increased. Numerous studies have analyzed demonstration projects, outlined scenarios, modeled pathways, or focused on CDR’s national or international governance. However, regional case studies investigating the dynamics that may facilitate or impede the broader adoption of CDR methods in spatially explicit settings are critically absent. Understanding implementation contexts on the ground is vital, and comparing them across different removal methods is essential for effectively scaling up CDR. This paper aims to address this research gap by comparatively examining the development of biomass-based CDR in three regions of Germany. Taking an exploratory approach, we conducted surveys in these regions to gain insight into stakeholder perceptions of the following six CDR methods: forest management, agriculture and soil carbon, long-lasting building materials, rewetting of peatlands and paludiculture, biochar, and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. In this article, we present the results of the stakeholder survey, which offers multiple perspectives that can shape future studies of regional implementation and yield policy-relevant guidance. Although our research primarily focuses on the regional level in Germany, it sheds light on various conflicts, uncertainties, and potentials that are likely to be relevant for the rollout of CDR in other countries. By examining these aspects, we contribute to the broader discourse on CDR and its potential implementation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Cycle, Capture and Storage)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Nonlocal-Strain-Gradient-Based Anisotropic Elastic Shell Model for Vibrational Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
by
Matteo Strozzi, Isaac E. Elishakoff, Michele Bochicchio, Marco Cocconcelli, Riccardo Rubini and Enrico Radi
C 2024, 10(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010024 - 07 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this study, a new anisotropic elastic shell model with a nonlocal strain gradient is developed to investigate the vibrations of simply supported single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The Sanders–Koiter shell theory is used to obtain strain–displacement relationships. Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity and Mindlin’s strain
[...] Read more.
In this study, a new anisotropic elastic shell model with a nonlocal strain gradient is developed to investigate the vibrations of simply supported single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The Sanders–Koiter shell theory is used to obtain strain–displacement relationships. Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity and Mindlin’s strain gradient theories are adopted to derive the constitutive equations, where the anisotropic elasticity constants are expressed via Chang’s molecular mechanics model. An analytical method is used to solve the equations of motion and to obtain the natural frequencies of SWCNTs. First, the anisotropic elastic shell model without size effects is validated through comparison with the results of molecular dynamics simulations reported in the literature. Then, the effects of the nonlocal and material parameters on the natural frequencies of SWCNTs with different geometries and wavenumbers are analyzed. From the numerical simulations, it is confirmed that the natural frequencies decrease as the nonlocal parameter increases, while they increase as the material parameter increases. As new results, the reduction in natural frequencies with increasing SWCNT radius and the increase in natural frequencies with increasing wavenumber are both amplified as the material parameter increases, while they are both attenuated as the nonlocal parameter increases.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Modelling of Size Effects in Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Application of L-FDM Technology to the Printing of Tablets That Release Active Substances—Preliminary Research
by
Ewa Gabriel, Anna Olejnik, Bogna Sztorch, Miłosz Frydrych, Olga Czerwińska, Robert Pietrzak and Robert E. Przekop
C 2024, 10(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010023 - 06 Mar 2024
Abstract
The following work presents a method for obtaining PLA composites with activated carbon modified using the liquid for fused deposition modeling (L-FDM) method in which two different compounds, i.e., rhodamine and antipyrine, are introduced. Tablets saturated with substances were obtained. Microscopic tests were
[...] Read more.
The following work presents a method for obtaining PLA composites with activated carbon modified using the liquid for fused deposition modeling (L-FDM) method in which two different compounds, i.e., rhodamine and antipyrine, are introduced. Tablets saturated with substances were obtained. Microscopic tests were carried out, and these confirmed the presence of substances that had been introduced into the polymer structure. UV-Vis spectra and observation of the active substance release process confirmed the relationship between the printing speed and the amounts of the compounds liberated from the tablets. Additionally, the contact angle of the PLA with activated carbon composites was characterized. The hydrophilic nature of the obtained composites favors an increase in the amounts of compounds released during the release process, which is a desirable effect. The surfaces and pores of the obtained materials were also analyzed. The incorporation of activated carbon into PLA results in a significant increase in its surface area. Investigations indicate that a novel approach for introducing chemicals into polymer matrices through the L-FDM method holds promise for the prospective fabrication of tablets capable of a controlled and customized release of substances tailored to individual requirements.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanohybrids for Biomedical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Comparison of Modified Peels: Natural Peels or Peels-Based Activated Carbons for the Removal of Several Pollutants Found in Wastewaters
by
Athanasia K. Tolkou, Konstantinos N. Maroulas, Dimitrios Theologis, Ioannis A. Katsoyiannis and George Z. Kyzas
C 2024, 10(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010022 - 03 Mar 2024
Abstract
Wastewater treatment has attracted much attention in recent years as a potential source of water, and there are some concerns about its safety for human use. Eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent materials were successfully synthesized from several peels, such as orange, banana, pomegranate, avocado,
[...] Read more.
Wastewater treatment has attracted much attention in recent years as a potential source of water, and there are some concerns about its safety for human use. Eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent materials were successfully synthesized from several peels, such as orange, banana, pomegranate, avocado, kiwi, etc., and were used as natural adsorbents or as activated carbons derived from these peels for water and wastewater treatment. In this review, the latest research focusing on the effective modification of these peels for the removal of several pollutants found in wastewaters are summarized and compared, such as pharmaceuticals, dyes, heavy metals, and anions that are released in waste and have a negative impact on human and animal health. In this review, focus is given to activated carbon produced from fruit peels. Moreover, fruit peels as adsorbent materials, without previously being converted to activated carbon, are of limited use in the recent literature.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption on Carbon-Based Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Cement-Based Composites with Biochar and PVC as Fillers
by
Giuseppe Ruscica, Fabio Peinetti, Isabella Natali Sora and Patrizia Savi
C 2024, 10(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010021 - 01 Mar 2024
Abstract
Biochar (bio-charcoal) is a low-cost and eco-friendly material. It can be obtained by thermochemical conversion of different biomass sources, for example, in the total absence of oxygen (pyrolysis) or in oxygen-limited atmosphere (gasification). The porous carbonaceous structure of biochar, resulting from the thermal
[...] Read more.
Biochar (bio-charcoal) is a low-cost and eco-friendly material. It can be obtained by thermochemical conversion of different biomass sources, for example, in the total absence of oxygen (pyrolysis) or in oxygen-limited atmosphere (gasification). The porous carbonaceous structure of biochar, resulting from the thermal treatment, can be exploited in cement-based composite production. By introducing biochar powder or other fillers in the cement paste, it is possible to enhance the shielding properties of the cement paste. The environmental impact of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be reduced by reusing it as a filler in cement-based composites. In this work, cement-based composites filled with different percentages of biochar and PVC are fabricated. The scattering parameters of samples with 4mm thickness are measured by mean of a rectangular waveguide in the C-band. The shielding effectiveness of reference samples without any filler and samples with biochar and PVC is analyzed. A combination of 10 wt.% biochar and 6 wt.% PVC provides the best shielding performance (around 16 dB).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Polydopamine Incorporation on the Nanostructure and Electrochemical Performance of Electrodeposited Polypyrrole Films
by
James A. Behan and Frédéric Barrière
C 2024, 10(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010020 - 20 Feb 2024
Abstract
Polypyrrole films are commonly prepared as conductive electrode surfaces for a variety of applications. Recently, there has been increasing interest in improving the adhesive properties and biocompatibility of polypyrrole electrodes via the incorporation of bioinspired polydopamine within the polymer scaffold. However, very little
[...] Read more.
Polypyrrole films are commonly prepared as conductive electrode surfaces for a variety of applications. Recently, there has been increasing interest in improving the adhesive properties and biocompatibility of polypyrrole electrodes via the incorporation of bioinspired polydopamine within the polymer scaffold. However, very little is currently known about the structural effects of polydopamine incorporation during the electropolymerisation of hybrid films. In this work, we combine electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies, fundamental electrochemical characterisation, atomic force microscopy, and a suite of spectroscopic techniques in order to correlate changes in the structure and performance of polypyrrole–polydopamine films to the structural modifications of the nanostructure induced by polydopamine incorporation. The results indicate that polydopamine incorporation greatly increases the rate of hybrid film deposition, as well as improving adhesion, surface homogeneity, and wettability, with no compromise in charge transfer properties. Polydopamine incorporation is strongly suggested to occur in non-connected domains within a predominantly polypyrrole-like scaffold. We propose a two-step model of co-polymerisation and the subsequent surface adhesion of hybrid films. Results are expected to be of broad general interest to researchers utilizing polypyrrole and polydopamine to prepare tailor-made electrodes for biosensing and catalysis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Skeleton)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Removal of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Fabrics
by
Batuhan Mulla, Kyriacos Ioannou, Gkerman Kotanidis, Ioannis Ioannidis, Georgios Constantinides, Mark Baker, Steven Hinder, Christian Mitterer, Ioannis Pashalidis, Nikolaos Kostoglou and Claus Rebholz
C 2024, 10(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010019 - 20 Feb 2024
Abstract
The removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto carbonaceous materials has attracted increasing interest in recent years. In this study, pristine and oxidized activated carbon (AC) fabrics with different surface textures and porosity characteristics were used for the removal of crystal
[...] Read more.
The removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto carbonaceous materials has attracted increasing interest in recent years. In this study, pristine and oxidized activated carbon (AC) fabrics with different surface textures and porosity characteristics were used for the removal of crystal violet (CV) dye from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate the CV adsorption performance of the AC fabrics in terms of contact time, temperature, adsorbate concentration and adsorbent amount. Evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters and the adsorption performance of the AC fabrics in ground water and sea water solutions were also carried out. Langmuir isotherm model, pseudo first and pseudo second order kinetics models were utilized to analyze and fit the adsorption data. The introduction of oxygen-based functional groups on the surface of AC fabrics was carried out through a nitric acid treatment. This oxidation process resulted in a significant reduction in the surface area and pore volume, along with a small increase in the average pore size and a significant enhancement in the CV adsorption capacity, indicating that the dye molecules are mainly adsorbed on the external surface of the carbon fabrics. The herein evaluated 428 mg/g adsorption capacity at 55 °C for the oxidized non-woven AC fabric is one of the highest adsorption capacity values reported in the literature for CV removal using AC materials. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption occurs spontaneously and is an endothermic and entropy-driven reaction. Furthermore, pristine and oxidized non-woven AC fabrics displayed more than 90% CV uptake from sea water samples, underlining the great potential these fabrics possess for the removal of dyes from natural/multicomponent waters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Introducing Corrections to the Reflectance of Graphene by Light Emission
by
Ken-ichi Sasaki, Kenichi Hitachi, Masahiro Kamada, Takamoto Yokosawa, Taisuke Ochi and Tomohiro Matsui
C 2024, 10(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010018 - 15 Feb 2024
Abstract
Monolayer graphene absorbs 2.3 percent of the incident visible light. This “small” absorption has been used to emphasize the visual transparency of graphene, but it in fact means that multilayer graphene absorbs a sizable fraction of incident light, which causes non-negligible fluorescence. In
[...] Read more.
Monolayer graphene absorbs 2.3 percent of the incident visible light. This “small” absorption has been used to emphasize the visual transparency of graphene, but it in fact means that multilayer graphene absorbs a sizable fraction of incident light, which causes non-negligible fluorescence. In this paper, we formulate the light emission properties of multilayer graphene composed of tens to hundreds of layers using a transfer matrix method and confirm the method’s validity experimentally. We quantitatively explain the measured contrasts of multilayer graphene on SiO2/Si substrates and find sizable corrections, which cannot be classified as incoherent light emissions, to the reflectance of visible light. The new component originates from coherent emission caused by absorption at each graphene layer. Multilayer graphene thus functions as a partial coherent light source of various wavelengths, and it may have surface-emitting laser applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Pristine and Coated Carbon Nanotube Sheets—Characterization and Potential Applications
by
Prakash Giri, Irwin Gill, Morgan Swensgard, Alexandra Kaiser, Audrey Rust, Brian Stuparyk, Andrew Fisher, Justice Williams, Katie Renoit, Eleanor Kreeb, Corentin Lavenan and Mark J. Schulz
C 2024, 10(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010017 - 09 Feb 2024
Abstract
A carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet is a nonwoven fabric that is being evaluated for use in different textile applications. Several properties of pristine CNT sheets and CNT sheets coated with a polysilazane sealant and coating were measured and compared in the paper. The
[...] Read more.
A carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet is a nonwoven fabric that is being evaluated for use in different textile applications. Several properties of pristine CNT sheets and CNT sheets coated with a polysilazane sealant and coating were measured and compared in the paper. The polysilazane coating is used to reduce the shedding of CNT fibers from the sheet when the sheet is in contact with surfaces. Most fabrics show some shedding of fibers during the washing or abrasion of the fabric. This study showed that the coating reduces the shedding of fibers from CNT fabric. The coating also increased the flame resistance of the fabric. The pristine and coated sheets both have low strength but high strain to failure. The pristine and coated CNT sheet densities are 0.48 g/cc and 0.65 g/cc, respectively. The pristine CNT sheet is approximately 27 μ thick. The coated sheet is approximately 24 μ thick. The coating may have densified the sheet, making it thinner. The thickness of the compliant sheets was difficult to measure and is a source of error in the properties. Characterization results are given in this paper. The results are for comparison purposes and not to establish material properties data. Possible applications for CNT sheets are briefly discussed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Applications of Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Comprehensive Study on Carbon-Coated Silver for Improved Tribo-Electrical and Wetting Performance
by
Bruno Alderete, Frank Mücklich and Sebastian Suarez
C 2024, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010016 - 04 Feb 2024
Abstract
The rise in electrification has considerably increased the demand for high-efficiency and durable electrical contact materials. Carbon nanoparticles (CNP) are a promising coating material due to their intrinsic transport properties (thus minimizing the impact on conductivity), their proven solid lubricity (potentially improving tribological
[...] Read more.
The rise in electrification has considerably increased the demand for high-efficiency and durable electrical contact materials. Carbon nanoparticles (CNP) are a promising coating material due to their intrinsic transport properties (thus minimizing the impact on conductivity), their proven solid lubricity (potentially improving tribological performance), and their hydrophobic wetting behavior (potentially providing atmospheric protection). In this study, carbon nanotube and nanohorn coatings are produced via electrophoretic deposition on silver-plated surfaces, followed by tribo-electrical and wetting characterization. The proposed coatings do not negatively affect the conductivity of the substrate, showing resistance values on par with the uncoated reference. Tribo-electrical characterization revealed that the coatings reduce adhesive wear during fretting tests while maintaining stable and constant electrical contact resistance. Furthermore, CNP-coated surfaces show a hydrophobic wetting behavior toward water, with graphite and carbon nanotube (CNT) coatings approaching super-hydrophobicity. Prolonged exposure to water droplets during sessile drop tests caused a reduction in contact angle (CA) measurement; however, CNT coatings’ CA reduction after five minutes was only approximately 5°. Accordingly, CNP (specifically CNT) coatings show auspicious results for their application as wear and atmospheric protective barriers in electrical contacts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocarbon-Based Composites and Their Thermal, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Risks from Supply Chain Perspective: A Review of the Literature and Conceptual Framework Development
by
Md Ainul Kabir, Sharfuddin Ahmed Khan and Golam Kabir
C 2024, 10(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010015 - 31 Jan 2024
Abstract
The technology called carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is important for capturing CO2 emissions before they enter the air. Because everyone wants to stop global warming by reducing CO2 emissions, CCUS is an important and emerging technology that can help
[...] Read more.
The technology called carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is important for capturing CO2 emissions before they enter the air. Because everyone wants to stop global warming by reducing CO2 emissions, CCUS is an important and emerging technology that can help slow down climate change, lower emissions in many areas, and support the move toward a sustainable and carbon-neutral future. As CCUS technology and its adaptation increases, it is very important to pay attention to the CCUS risks from a supply chain (SC) point of view. The goal of this study was to identify CCUS supply chain risks and develop a conceptual framework (CF) that provides a structured approach to ensure safe and reliable CCUS supply chain operations. Therefore, this study analyzed the literature related to the SCs of different sectors and identified the SC risks, which was the foundation for CCUS SC risk identification. This study demonstrates that there is no research article that provides a comprehensive CCUS SC risk management framework that connects with risk management strategies. The conceptual framework that is proposed in this study connects CCUS SC functions, risks, and risk management strategies to construct a complete CCUS supply chain risk management system. Moreover, the CF provides guidelines for future research, which will enrich the CCUS supply chain risk management system as well as fight climate change.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Carbon in the Circular Economy)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Path for Room-Temperature Superconductivity in Q-Carbon-Related Materials
by
Jagdish Narayan
C 2024, 10(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010014 - 30 Jan 2024
Abstract
We present the atomic structures and nonequilibrium synthesis of a new class of materials, where the basic structural unit is a diamond tetrahedron. When units of one, two, and three tetrahedra are randomly packed, we create distinct phases of amorphous Q-carbon. Four tetrahedra
[...] Read more.
We present the atomic structures and nonequilibrium synthesis of a new class of materials, where the basic structural unit is a diamond tetrahedron. When units of one, two, and three tetrahedra are randomly packed, we create distinct phases of amorphous Q-carbon. Four tetrahedra in two adjacent layers lead to crystalline diamond lattice, which has four missing tetrahedra alternately. When these four missing tetrahedra are filled, we create subunit cell of crystalline Q-diamond. Theoretical calculations show that the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) in 50 atomic % B-doped Q-diamond can reach room temperature at ambient pressures. This is consistent with our earlier results using low-loss EELS measurements in 50 atomic % B-doped Q-carbon, which had mostly amorphous QB3 phase mixed with some crystalline Q-diamond phase. These EELS results showed that the Tc for these samples was between 90 K and 300 K. Theoretical calculations of density of states, Eliashberg function, electron–phonon interaction parameter, and root-mean-square and logarithmic average of frequency in crystalline Q-diamond show Tc in the range of 268 K to 300 K, which is in complete agreement with our EELS results in QB3.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Metal-Free Catalytic Conversion of Veratryl and Benzyl Alcohols through Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon Nanotubes
by
Neeraj Gupta, Ilaria Barlocco, Oleksiy Khavryuchenko and Alberto Villa
C 2024, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10010013 - 26 Jan 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Nitrogen-rich carbon nanotubes NCNT700 and NCNT800 were prepared using the chemical vapor deposition method (CVD). The catalysts were characterized via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Both the catalysts were found to have an inverted cup-stack-like morphology. The
[...] Read more.
Nitrogen-rich carbon nanotubes NCNT700 and NCNT800 were prepared using the chemical vapor deposition method (CVD). The catalysts were characterized via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Both the catalysts were found to have an inverted cup-stack-like morphology. The XPS analysis revealed that the catalysts are rich in pyridinic sites with variable amounts of nitrogen on their surface. The NCTN700, with a higher nitrogen content and more pyridinic sites on its surface, was found to be a good catalyst for the oxidation of benzyl and veratryl alcohols into respective aldehydes. It was observed that toluene and 4-methyl veratrole were also produced in this reaction. The amount of toluene produced was as high as 21%, with 99% conversion of benzaldehyde in the presence of NCNTs-700. The mechanistic pathway was revealed through DFT studies, where the unusual product formation of aromatic alkanes such as toluene and 4-methyl veratrole was explained during the reaction. It was astonishing to observe the reduced product in the reaction that proceeds in the forward direction in presence of a peroxide (tert-butyl hydroperoxide, TBHP). During the computational analysis, it was revealed that the reduced product observed in the reaction did not appear to proceed through a direct disproportionation reaction. Rather, the benzyl alcohol (the reactant) used in the reaction may undergo oxidation by releasing the hydrogen radicals. The hydrogen atoms released during the oxidation reaction appear to have been trapped on pyrrolic sites on the surface of catalyst and later transferred to the reactant molecules to produce toluene as a side product.
Full article
Graphical abstract
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- C Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Batteries, C, Coatings, Energies, Nanomaterials
Advances in Low-Dimensional Materials (LDMs) for Energy Conversion and Storage
Topic Editors: In Soo Kim, Jin Gu KangDeadline: 15 May 2024
Topic in
C, Energies, Processes, Sustainable Chemistry
Final Sinks of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)
Topic Editors: Rafael Santos, Muhammad Salman, Lidija SillerDeadline: 30 July 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, C, Electronic Materials, Nanomaterials, Polymers
Application of Graphene-Based Materials, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Marcelo Antunes, Chih-Wei ChiuDeadline: 30 October 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
C
Novel Applications of Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials
Guest Editor: Jandro AbotDeadline: 10 April 2024
Special Issue in
C
Advances in Bilayer Graphene
Guest Editors: Vardan Apinyan, Tadeusz K. KopećDeadline: 30 April 2024
Special Issue in
C
Advances in Modelling of Size Effects in Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes
Guest Editors: Matteo Strozzi, Ahmet Sinan OktemDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
C
Carbon-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Processing, Characterization and Applications
Guest Editors: Chi-Hui Tsou, Patrizia SaviDeadline: 20 July 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
C
Young Carbon Scientists
Collection Editors: Teresa Bandosz, Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira, Peter Harris
Topical Collection in
C
Feature Papers in the Science and Engineering of Carbons
Collection Editors: Craig E. Banks, Jandro Abot
Topical Collection in
C
CO2 Electrochemical Reduction and Conversion
Collection Editors: Małgorzata Zakrzewska, Ana S. Reis-Machado
Topical Collection in
C
Carbon-Derived Materials from Bioresources for Advanced Applications
Collection Editors: Camélia Ghimbeu, Jorge Bedia